Direct marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Direct advertising - Essay Example Innovation like the web with its email offices, sites and mobiles empower advertisers to publicize straightforwardly to clients and possible purchasers (Johnson 2005). Firms think that its simpler to advertise in such a way since such a showcasing encourages them to target just those clients who might be keen on their items. Just those clients approach the outlets that have a type of an unmistakable fascination for the items and this maintains a strategic distance from window customers who sit around and subsequently add to costs (Hyde 2008). This additionally helps in straightforwardly showcasing endeavors a particular way to determined individuals rather than mass promoting and going haywire with commercials sprinkled everywhere throughout the media like the TV, radio, boards across urban areas and nations requiring extreme budgets(Kotler 2003). Direct promoting can be completed in a few different ways which incorporate legitimately mailing the client, messaging , selling and so forth the advantages of direct showcasing are a few other than those referenced previously. The information of the clients of your item can be gathered and it can even be bought. This information is discernible, track capable and can truly help in further investigating and improving the item and promoting strategies. The inclinations of the clients can be known and can be useful particularly when new items are to be propelled (Thornton 1995). As per Kotler (2003) the drawback is that since this information can be bought, just anybody can buy it and along these lines the purchasers may get sends that they don’t need and might be aggravated by selling calls. The messages that the buyers get may not arrive at the buyers who may negligence such sends as garbage or shut them out totally. The organizations showcasing in such a manner may not know wh ether the planned shoppers are perusing the sends or disposing of them yet of course it’s a hazard that each type of publicizing acquires (Kotler 2003). Exploration demonstrates that moving to coordinate

Community Health Nursing assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Health Nursing #2 - Assignment Example An underlying essential system involves organizing nursing educational plans to grasp social affectability. Experts inside socially skilled human services frameworks ought to have satisfactory preparing comparable to furnishing care administrations to people with changes convictions, legacy, practices, and mentalities. Other than preparing and organizing socially delicate experts, medicinal services frameworks should grasp decent variety by utilizing experts from various social foundations (Clark, 2008). Essential methodologies identifies with ecological security projects and activities planned for protecting common assets. For example, attendants can do battles focused on vitality preservation to lessen ozone depleting substance discharges. Auxiliary techniques incorporate may incorporate conveying illness and unfortunate ecological screening procedures planned for diminishing commonness or expanding affectability towards. For example, screening and testing network water for nearness of lead would help forestall substantial metal harming. Tertiary systems involves aggregate duty of families, attendants, and presumably political battles planned for completing city instruction for ecologically messed wellbeing up. It is the job of a network wellbeing medical caretakers to do mindfulness and teach their customers of better techniques to check natural medical problems (Clark, 2008) Fundamental information in medical problems by network individuals is basic in guaranteeing fruitful wellbeing advancements and training. People with wellbeing proficiency effectively comprehend nursing language and subsequently help in acknowledgment of improved wellbeing. Such stays conceivable as the network take part effectively in wellbeing advancements and training. During the time spent arranging for network strengthening, basic components applied incorporate research, assessment, restoration, solid living advancement, medical issues counteraction, and recovery

How To Find The Best Writing Services Online

How To Find The Best Writing Services OnlineThe best writing services online are the ones that have a team of talented writers available who will help you with the planning, research and execution of your literary masterpiece. You should go to companies who offer these services, so you can expect professional guidance, focus and top quality product at a fair price.When you do search for writing services online, you will see several companies that will promise you great success. While they might be real and talented writers, it is still vital that you know which writers are writing for you and which ones are not. This means you need to know the requirements that will help you judge the quality of the company's staff.Companies that promise their customers that they will write an article for you or a book for you will offer a one-size-fits-all approach. You need a team of highly skilled writers who are passionate about what they do. If you want your work to be well researched and high q uality, then you will need to go to a company that specializes in this area.One company that offers writing services online is called Letters Of The Day. These writers are well known for their craftsmanship and excellent attention to detail. You can find them on some of the larger websites. This company specializes in book review articles as well as correspondence to magazines.Another company that offers writing services online is author to author. These writers specialize in author interviews and are always looking for more writers to work with. They publish articles that deal with topics like children's books, history, science fiction and the paranormal.Writer's Digest is another great place to look for writers who offer writing services online. They have writers from all parts of the country and all kinds of experience. Writer's Digest works with clients to promote their books, and their writers have won several awards over the years.If you want to find a company that offers writ ers at a cheaper rate, there are some sites where you can look. For example, some sites have a certain number of hours that a writer has completed for each project, and the rates depend on this number. These sites offer a variety of companies, so you will be able to find writers that meet your budget.The best writing services online come from companies that specialize in this area. If you want to get quality work for less, then you will need to use these writers. You should also check to make sure that the writers you do hire have a proven track record for excellence in writing.

In The Second Edition Of Servants Of Globalization Migration

In the Second Edition of Servants of Globalization: Migration and Domestic Work, Rhacel Parreà ±as examines all of the challenging aspects of the lives of migrant Filipino domestic workers. Throughout the interviews that are included in this novel, the author was able to analyze different cases filled with personal struggle and familial support using the perspectives of many determined women across the diaspora, mainly focusing on those to travel to work in Western Countries. In this paper, I will briefly summarize the first three chapters, bringing to light the most important aspects the Parreà ±as included. I will then discuss the methodology used in her convincing global ethnography, before I include both the advantages and disadvantages to†¦show more content†¦I will expand later on this paper about the arenas of constraint that the author wrote about for migrant workers in the conclusion of the first chapter, as it is a topic that needs to be unpacked greatly. The second chapter discussed the international division of reproductive labour and the reasons why women may choose to become migrant workers. Often times the common answer of why these Filipina women made the decision to enter the reproductive labour force is one based on both economic and gender inequality reasoning. Gender is now seen as the hidden cause of migration, where women are taking on the role of the income provider and it is a strategy that can â€Å"relieve women of their unequal division of labour with men in the family.† (Parreà ±as, 2015 – pg. 32) Through the three tier system there is honestly no gender-egalitarian way that the division occurs, because their own responsibilities are given to those who are less privileged for less benefits. Parreà ±as introduces the dynamic of postmodern familial struggles that inevitably come with being a migrant worker. 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Venture Management Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2213 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Walton Construction (Qld) Pty Ltd v Venture Management Resources International Pty Ltd Walton Construction Pty Ltd (Walton) entered into a building contract with Venture Management Resources International Pty Ltd (VMR) for completion of works. Walton provided VMR with an unconditional bank guarantee as security to cover its financial commitment under the contract. Walton submitted a progress payment claim toVMR and in response, the Superintendent from VMR issued a progress certificate certifying that payment was to be madeto Walton as per the existing contract. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Venture Management Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order The contract required the Superintendent to allow in a payment certificate amounts otherwise due from the Contractor to the Principal arising out of or in connection with the Contract. The Superintendent disputed the amount of the payment claim from Walton and calculated a variation to the payment of claim. The adjusted claim amount reflected the cost of resolving allegedly defective work as well as an amount of liquidated damages for late completion. In respect of calculating deductions for defective works, clause 35.3 of the Contract permitted the Superintendent to issue directions to the Contractor to correct material or work. If the Contractor failed to comply with the direction within the required notice period, then the Superintendent was entitled to request an amount due from the Contractor to the Principal for correcting the defective works based on the lowest of three quotes received from independent contractors. The Contract further provided that if the Contractor failed to make payment pursuant to the payment certificate within a stipulated time, then the Principal may have access to the security. The Contract further provided that if the Contractor failed to make payment pursuant to the payment certificate within a stipulated time, then the Principal may have access to the agreed bank guarantee security provided in the contract. Walton applied for an injunction restraining the principal from accessing the security because the superintendent failed to comply with the certification process under the contract and the superintendent was unlicensed and therefore the certification was invalid and had nil effect.[1] The courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasoning for granting the injunction for Walton stemmed from the superintendent failing to comply with the strict certification requirements under the payment provisions stipulated. Walton argued that the superintendent didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t comply with a clause within the contract and therefore the payment certificate was invalid. Walton, as the contractor invoked the process of dispute against the superintendentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s certification. This was expressed through seeking an expert review of the certification, which had not yet reached completion at the time of litigation. Walton argued that the obvious commercial purpose or common sense of business was to prevent recourse to security where the contractor was in the process of disputing the Principalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. The court found that the superintendent was not licensed under section 42 of the Queensland Building Services Authority Act 1992, this also contributed the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to grant an injunction and evidenced the deficiency of the certificate. The fact that Walton would suffer irreparable harm regarding the reputation of the building industry expresses the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasoning for granting the injunction. It should be noted that the injunction is not a perman ent resolution and awaits a full hearing in order to determine the necessity of this.[2] This is consistent with Vos Construction and Joinery Qld Pty Ltd v Sanctuary Properties Pty Ltd 2007 whereby both cases claimed loss of industry reputation and irreparable harm regarding this reputation. The cases are somewhat different as Vos Constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application was dismissed where Waltonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application was held. It is agreed that the findings of the court in this case are compliant with the legislative provisions relevant to the inquisition. Therefore it is also agreed that the injunction was appropriately granted in regard to Walton. The finding of this case raise implications for future precedent regarding the administration of construction contracts as well as the necessity to follow contractual processes in order for an entitlement to payment before a call upon a guarantee is made or foreshadowed. [3] Vos Construction Joinery Qld Pty Ltd v Sanctuary Properties Pty Ltd Anor [2007] QSC 332 In August 2005, the respondents, joint venturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sanctuary Properties Pty Ltd and MIRVAC Developments Pty Ltd (Sanctuary), entered into a contract with Vos Construction Joinery Qld Pty Ltd (Vos) for the completion of building work. The negotiated Contract price was $7,010,606 and as per the terms of the contract Vos provided security in the form of a bank guarantee as assurance of financial viability and its intention to complete. During the course of the project the architect extended the date for practical completion from 29th November 2005 to 17th January 2006. Despite the extension, on 13 February 2006, Sanctuary notified Vos of its intention to claim liquidated damages for failure to complete the project by the adjusted date for practical completion. The practical completion date was eventually achieved by Vos on 21st March 2006 and the architect issued the final certificate for the project on 8 June 2006. As a result on 12 June 2006, Vos disputed t he final certificate by notifying the architect in accordance with Clause C8 of the contract. Clause C8 required the architect to assess the dispute and give a written decision to Sanctuary within 10 working days. Vos also notified Sanctuary of same. On 25 June 2006, the architect, rejected Vosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s submissions and concluded that the final certificate was valid and lawful. Sanctuary gave notice of its intention to draw on Vosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ bank guarantee in the sum of $173,800 (the sum certified by the architect) on the same day.[4] The courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasoning for dismissing the application was simply due to the fact that disputing the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights under clause A8 was not enough to prevent the respondent from drawing on security. This is because the clause would lack purpose if the process could be stopped by any unsuccessful disputation of the certificate. In considering Vosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ application, the court addre ssed the financierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation and the principle of autonomy. The Court acknowledged that the financierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation in commercial instruments such as bank guarantees, is independent of the underlying contract. This means that a security provided under a construction contract mayprima faciebe called up unless there is a breach of a negative stipulation in the underlying contract which conditions the right to call it up. Rights to payment were also addressed, it was determined that they stand unless the payment certificate is negated. The court held that an unsuccessful dispute could not stall the debt recovery process because that would flout à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“business commonsenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The right to payment is independent of obligation to follow dispute resolution procedures. Sanctuaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to draw down the security for a debt owed was independent of its obligation to resolve its dispute with Vos in accordance with th e dispute resolution clauses under the Contract. The Court held that Sanctuary had the right to draw on the security even if the dispute between the parties had not proceeded to final resolution. Section 67J (2) of the Queensland Building Services Authority Act 1991, notice of a claim must be given within 28 days of a party becoming à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“aware, or ought reasonably to have become aware, of the contracting partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to obtain the amount owedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The court determined that late application doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t prevent access to security because rights to such access did not accrue until the architectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s final certificate issued rejection of the dispute. This is because the respondents could not have been aware of right to obtain the amount under the contract until then. The court addressed Vosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reputation and found that the present application turned on questions of construction and not disputed factu al matters. It did not consider the argument of industry reputation as constituting a serious question to be tried. The court, for the above reasons, and in its discretion, found the balance of convenience to be in favour of not granting an interlocutory injunction. Kell Rigby Holdings Pty Ltd v Lindsay Bennelong Developments Pty Ltd Lindsay Bennelong Developments Pty Ltd negotiated and entered into a contract with Kell and Rigby Holdings Pty Ltd for the construction of a mixed residential and commercial development. The principal was also appointed to act as superintendent under the contract. It was agreed that the works would be completed in three stages. When the dispute arose only stage 1 had been completed with stages 2 and 3 still under construction. Two years into the project, the parties entered into an advance payment agreement, in which the principal agreed to advance the contractor a portion of the balance of the original contract sum to the value of $2 million. The deed of agreement provided for two advance payment bonds in the form of an unconditional bank guarantee of $1 million each. The contract also provided that, if the advance payments had not been repaid on or before the date of practical completion for stage 3, they would immediately become a debt due and payable by the contract or to the principal. In May 2010, stages 2 and 3 of the project sill had significant incomplete works that needed to be finished to a standard at which the sales to purchasers could be transacted. In June 2010, the principal, acting in its capacity as superintendent, issued both: a notice of variation to works, which deleted the remaining stage 2 works and the remainder of the incomplete stage 3 works from the scope (the variation instruction); and A certificate of practical completion in respect of the stage 3 works. The principal also served a demand on the bank for the full payment of the guarantees. This was supported by the issue of the certificate of practical completion, and the requirements of the contract which noted that the balance of the advance payments outstanding on the date of the issue of the certificate of practical completion immediately became a debt due and payable. In response the contractor disputed the right of the principal to call on the guarantees on the basis that the principal was not permitted to do so as the variation instruction and resulting issue of the certificate of practical completion were not valid and therefore unenforceable. The court established that the superintendent did not act reasonably in issuing the variation Instruction or the certificate of practical completion on the following grounds: The superintendent did not display adequate consideration to the contractors interests The superintendent did not act with objectivity or with the de gree of impartiality that is required In regards to the stage 2 works, by bringing about practical completion, in lieu of terminating the works, the superintendent maintained the defects liability obligations which in turn disadvantaged the contractor The exclusion of the works through a variation instruction was motivated by improper considerations. Therefore it was found that the variation instruction was a way by which the principal could take control of the project rather than a means to bring about suitable variations to the works The superintendent did not confer or negotiate with the contractor regarding the variation prior to it being issued. The superintendent noted that the current progress of the works was a risk to the principal and as such issued the variation instruction, not in its capacity as superintendent, but in its role as principal which could be regarded as a conflict of interest. There was no proof that the superintendent took account of the pro bable disadvantage of the contractor in the issuing of the certificate of practical completion. As a result, the court found that the superintendent did not act reasonably and the certificate of practical completion was deemed to be impaired as a result. Having now concluded that the superintendent did not act fairly, it was no longer deemed necessary for the court to consider if it acted unconscionably in issuing the notice of practical completion. In summary it can be established that superintendent did not act fairly and reasonably. Therefore it is suggested that appointing an external and impartial superintendent to scrutinise and monitor the allocation of risk throughout the course of the contract is advisable as it should provide a superior degree of both real and perceived independence. References Alden, S. and Eather, A. (2010). Superintendents Wearing Two Hats Risk Abuse Of Power. [online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/109850/Property+Litigation/Superintendents+Wearing+Two+Hats+Risk+Abuse+Of+Power [Accessed 7 Oct. 2014]. Herbertgeer, (n.d.). Jumping through hoops: How not to call on a bank guarantee. [online] Available at: https://herbertgeer.e-newsletter.com.au/link/id/zzzz4dcb1c9dceab5234/page.html?extra=zzzz4dca0b87bf72d290 [Accessed 7 Oct. 2014]. Kell Rigby Holdings Pty Ltd v Lindsay Bennelong Developments Pty Ltd [2014] (NSWSC). King Wood Mallesons, (2010). Unconditional bank guarantees: not always a done deal. [online] Available at: https://www.mallesons.com/publications/marketAlerts/2010/ConstructionInsights/Pages/Unconditional-bank-guarantees-not-always-a-done-deal.aspx [Accessed 7 Oct. 2014]. Vos Construction Joinery Qld Pty Ltd v Sanctuary Properties Pty Ltd [2007] (QSC). Walton Construction (Qld) Pty Ltd v Venture Management Resources International Pty Ltd [2010] (QSC). Wilson, J. (2010). Cashing Bank Guarantees: Not Always An Easy Process. [online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/106120/Building+Construction/Cashing+Bank+Guarantees+Not+Always+An+Easy+Process [Accessed 7 Oct. 2014]. Yap, B. (2014). Vos Construction Joinery Qld Pty Ltd v Sanctuary Properties. [online] Mallesons.com. Available at: https://www.mallesons.com/publications/marketAlerts/2008/Documents/9357337w.htm [Accessed 7 Oct. 2014]. [1] https://herbertgeer.e-newsletter.com.au/link/id/zzzz4dcb0f4dde222275/page.html [2] [3] [4] https://www.mallesons.com/publications/marketAlerts/2008/Documents/9357337w.htm

Women s Rights Of Women Essay - 1671 Words

Marriage was not always an equal partnership. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, women were property of their husbands. If they were not married they were seen as unfit or unkempt women. Through marriage, women partook in what feminists called legal prostitution.(Wollstonecraft 32) This meant that women were to seduce men in order to gain status in society or any form of personal wealth. Early feminists fought for the woman s right to her own body by combating the oppressing marriage laws while also fighting societal norms and expectations. They advocated for all women through words and actions; using themselves as examples to lead and encourage other women to take back their rights as humans. These women paved the way for future feminist to reclaim agency over their bodies. Women during the late 1800s and the early 1900s faced many laws and legislation that kept them dependent on men. Women s status was judged on their husband and women belonged to their husband.(Baker 23) Many early feminists fought back against this ideal and chose to take a stand against marriage and its inequalities. Mary Wollstonecraft was an early feminist who believed that the reasons women were so dependent on men was because of the vanity of the aristocrats.(Wollstonecraft 27) Women were kept in docile states through fashion and sweet words. She states how this perpetual petting keeps women pinned against each other and divided. These frivolities are a root to the oppression of womenShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. 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After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly look ed at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. 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I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Professionalism in Post Compulsory Education

Question: Disucss the professionalism in post compulsory education? Answer: Introduction Post compulsory education is acquired by students to excel mostly in academics. This is one of the, pre servicesconstituting of a one-year course designed for people interested in teaching. This entitles a teacher to also teach in universities and get a lucrativepayment (Cunningham, 2012). Professionalism in post compulsory education Most of the thought process attached to the ideas of post compulsory education is the prospect of professionalism. Government is taking the initiatives to help in the teaching sector with the implementation of the different policies. Professionalism and the ideas integrated through Cash nexus which is through the payment paid for the service. Cash nexus means relationships through monetary transactions. However, according to Race (2014) the most important aspect in the present case is in managerial level. The most important aspect in the present condition includes the use of the knowledge. This involves round the use of family learning and the retention of the knowledge. This is channeled in the present case in the information society and the knowledge economy. Professionalism, includes the use of professional ideas along with the retention of ideas of prosper administration at work. Most of the professionals in the PCE that is in case of Post compulsory education include the trainin g. This tailors the prospect within the individual along with the few of training activities. However, in this regard it is important to note that there are certain aspects like Disciplines, which are distinct in creating the knowledge (physical science, mathematics, human sciences, literature, religion, history and fine arts) Different fields which are held in the knowledge (practical or theoretical) These are the major aspects of the different tailors. The most important aspect which in included in the idea of professionalism and PCE, is the idea of liberal education. This helps the student or the teacher to move beyond the constraint and teach how to do something?.Theideas of rationalism are integrated from the thought persisting in the society from the 1960s. This is one of the best aspects, which fostered the ideas of the liberal education(Carter-Wall Whitfield, 2012). However, in contrast to liberal view the radical view of the professionalism in the PCE is a completely different idea. In radical view, the idea is much stiff and conservative. The ideas of knowledge, skills, and competency are largely missing in the radical thought of education (Jameson, 2013). This helps in the adaptation of the new measures and help in the transformation. Enlightenment thinking is the most crucial attribute, which might be attached to the knowledge generated in the PCE. This ensures the stability in the PCE, which enhances the usability of the system. This means after a course a student realizes what he/she will do in accordance to the skills. Conclusion PCE is one of the elements, which helps in the enhancement ideas along with the implementation of the right teaching techniques. The stipulated outcomes have been fruitful in dealing with the training offered to the candidates to excel in their own ground. Reference list Cunningham, B. (2012).Mentoring Teachers in Post Compulsory Education: A guide to effective practice. Routledge. Race, P. (2014).Making learning happen: A guide for post-compulsory education. Sage. Carter-Wall, C., Whitfield, G. (2012). The role of aspirations, attitudes and behaviour in closing the educational attainment gap.Transform Education and Joseph Rowntree Foundation, accessed from www. jrf. org. uk on,3(08), 2012. Jameson, J. (2013).Leadership in post-compulsory education: inspiring leaders of the future. Routledge.

Hamlet (Revenge) Essays (979 words) - Characters In Hamlet

Hamlet (Revenge) Hamlet (Revenge) Revenge. Revenge causes one to act blindly through anger, rather thanthrough reason. It is based on the principle of an eye for an eye, butthis principle is not always an intelligent theory to live by. YoungFortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all looking to avenge the deaths oftheir fathers. They all acted on emotion, and this led to the downfall oftwo, and the rise to power of one. Since the Heads of the three majorfamilies were each murdered, the eldest sons of these families sworevengeance, and two of the three sons died while exacting their acts ofvengeance, revenge is a major theme in the Tragedy of Hamlet. There were three major families in the Tragedy of Hamlet. These were thefamily of King Fortinbras, the family of Polonius, and the family of KingHamlet. The heads of each of these families are all slaughtered within theplay. Fortinbras, King of Norway, was killed by King Hamlet; slain bysword during a man to man battle. "...our valiant Hamlet-for so this side ofour known world esteem'd him-did slay this Fortinbras." This entitled KingHamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was writtenin a seal'd compact. Polonius was an advisor to the King, and father toLaertes and Ophelia. He was nosy and arrogant, and he did not trust hischildren. He was killed by Young Hamlet while he was eves dropping on aconversation between Hamlet and his mother. "How now! A rat? Dead, for aducat, dead!" King Hamlet was the King of Denmark, and Hamlet's father. He had killed King Fortinbras, only to be killed by his brother, Claudius. "...My offense is rank, it smells to heaven; A brother's murder..." Each ofthese events effected the sons of the deceased in the same way, it enragedthem. Every one of the three eldest sons had one thing in common, they allwanted revenge for a slaughtered father. In the time in which this play isset, avenging the murder of a father was part of one's honor, and had to bedone. All of the three sons swore vengeance, and then acted towardsgetting revenge for the deaths of their fathers. Young Fortinbras was deeply enraged by the death of his father, and hewanted revenge against Denmark because of this occurrence. Fortinbraswanted to, by force, regain the lands that had been lost by his father toDenmark. "...Now sir, young Fortinbras...as it doth well appear unto ourstate-but to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsative, thoseforesaid lands so by his father lost..." Claudius sends messengers to talkto Fortinbras' uncle, the new King of Norway. He forbid Fortinbras toattack Denmark, and instead convinced him to attack the Poles to vent hisanger. "...His nephew's levies, which to him appear'd to be a preparation'gainst the Polack; But better look'd into, he truly found it was againstyour highness...On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys, receives rebukefrom Norway, and, in fine, makes vow before his uncle never more to givethe assay of arms against your majesty." Laertes found out about his father's death, and immediately returnedhome. He confronted the King and accused him of the murder of his father. Claudius told Laertes that Hamlet was responsible for his father's death. He then decides to kill Hamlet to avenge the death of his father. He andClaudius concoct a plot to kill Hamlet. Hamlet dies of wounds from thepoisoned tipped sword Laertes used. "...Hamlet, thou art slain...Thetreacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenom'd..." Hamlet was deeply sorrowed by his father's death. He spoke to a ghost, andthis ghost stated that his father's death was a murder, by the hand of hisuncle, Claudius. "The serpent that did sting thy father's life now wearshis crown." Hamlet was astonished, and then swore vengeance for hisfather's death. He then proceeded to try and prove his uncle's guilt, andthen finally kills him while he himself is dying of poisoned woundsinflicted by Laertes during their duel. "The point envenomed too! Thenvenom, to thy work...Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, drink offthis potion,-is thy union here? Follow my mother." This left the Kingdead, and his father's death avenged. The lack of thought used in exacting the revenge led to the deaths of bothLaertes and Hamlet. Laertes planned with Claudius to kill Hamlet with thepoisoned tipped sword, but they had not thought that the sword might beused against them. With Laertes believing the King's accusations thatHamlet had murdered his father, he was in a blind rage, and would notlisten to Hamlet's explanation and apology. "I am satisfied in nature...tomy revenge...I stand aloof...and will no reconcilement...But till that time, I doreceive your offer'd love like love, and will not wrong it.". He

The Declaration from Birmingha essays

The Declaration from Birmingha essays Although the time periods and over all reasons were different, Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. kept one common goal in mind, freedom from their oppressors. The Declaration of Independence and Letter from Birmingham Jail are great examples of how Americans were able to stand up against corrupt ways and break free from the chains of injustice. Even though these two documents seem nothing alike at a quick glance, one is able to note that they are almost exactly the same when you inspect the goals, style, and logic upheld in both documents. Both Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. had one common goal in mind when they put pen to the paper and inscribed their names into history forever; both men were leaders of an alliance of people who had been treated unjust for many years and demanded a resolution, both men were fighting against a long train of abuses with brutal injustice and shameful humiliation, and some people might even consider the fact that both Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Jr. committed treason. ( Martin Luther King Jr., in a sense, struck up an ethical war against the American people.) Basically, the only difference between them was the people they were fighting for. Thomas Jefferson was fighting for the American people in order to free us from the tyranny of Britain, and Martin Luther King Jr. was fighting for African Americans in order to free them from a blanket of racism. Style was a major factor in setting up the documents and presenting a plethora of information to the people. Jefferson and King kept the same strategy at hand when they went about writing their documents. They made sure to cover the entire spectrum and holster emotional, ethical, and logical appeal in order to leave no space for forgiveness of the oppressor. Emotional appeal was able to dig its way into the hearts of people and cause them to feel sorry for the oppressed. Ethica...

How did the differences in Persian and Greek political and military Essay

How did the differences in Persian and Greek political and military organization determine the course of the Persian Wars - Essay Example It may be more than substantial to note that most of the facts on the Persian Wars were written by Greeks in what can be perceived as less than objective detail of account. The tyrants who were placed into office after their defeat at Ephesus in 498 B.C. created further conflict among the Hellinistic states. Sparta lend a hand to Alcmaeonidae to overthrow Hippias in 510 B.C. but it was still not enough to ensure a lasting alliance. The eventual coalition came to be in defense of Ionia wherein the leading factions were able to set aside their differences to be able to overcome Persian autocracy. ii The emergence of Greece as a strong compounded force made it difficult for the already dwindling Persian force to defeat it. As the war fizzled out, the huge Persian Army, which overshadows the Greeks in sheer number proved to be inadequate in comparison to the combined cunning and force of the Greeks. The internal conflicts among the different convictions within Athens in reference to other city-states were one of the main factors which contributed to the prolonged indifference to finally halt the

Traditional medicine vs alternative medicine Research Paper

Traditional medicine vs alternative medicine - Research Paper Example Health and well-being has been among the top priorities of humanity from ages with a common objective to meet people’s inevitable requirements for emotional and physical curing. The role of religious values and community structures cannot be ignored in the evolution of medicines. Today, there is an increasing awareness of CAM in industrialized nations. Though the western medicine is scientifically based, and its popularity, supremacy, and guarantees are comparatively high, a large number of populations cannot afford its benefits. For instance, studies suggests that majority of people (80%) or more in developing nations can barely have enough money for the most fundamental medical dealings, drugs, and vaccines (Debas et al., n.d). Traditional medicine (TM) as the word suggest â€Å"refers to health practices, approaches, information and values incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, used individually or in addition to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being†. TM has gained popularity in countries such as Africa, Asia and Latin America for their basic health care requirements as it is more economical and is integrated with the societal values. There are data that suggests that 80% population in Africa is depending on traditional medicine for health care. When the indigenously developed TM moves out of its local boundaries and is practiced in other nations particularly the developed ones, it is known as â€Å"Complementary† or â€Å"Alternative medicine† (CAM) (Photius Coutsoukis, 2008). Hence it can be said that both TM and CAM have similarities in various aspects. Since the vocabulary complementary and alternative medicines exemplify practices and products that common people decides as additions to or as substitutes to Western allopathic therapeutic approaches, these terms are being used indiscriminately (Straus 2004). In the industrial or the so called developed nations such as the United States, an amazingly great percentage of people go for a combination of treatments suitable for them. They also take great care of safety and efficacy of these practices. The medical practices that are followed from ages and that advanced amid indigenous peoples has gained popularity in other countries. For instance, there are several tourists from different countries visiting India basically for the treatment using Ayurveda which is a traditional medicine developed over the years in India. Today, alternative medicine is popular in developing countries, and its recognition in developed nations is growing tremendously. In India, the most popular alternative medicines were recognized as Vedic medicines or Aired that has evolved through ages. The main aspire of Ayurveda medicine is harmonizing the mind, soul and body. Ayurveda takes the advantage of the rich biodiversity in India and mainly includes products from herbs, vegetables, fruits and natural minerals. There are chronological facts that even invasive procedures were practiced in ancient Ayurveda. Some of the practitioners of Ayurveda in modern society have integrated yoga and meditation processes and massaging techniques to overcome various health challenges. This makes it a part of alternative medicine. Traditional beliefs such as a strong mind and body could never fall sick have lead to the development of Chinese treatments. The Chinese treated the human mind and not the disease. Techniques such as Acupressure and Acupuncture were basically developed in China. This traditional medicine was accomplished for centuries and its idea is based on Taoist philosophy. These practices also extended to Japan and Korea and came to be known as the Oriental branch

Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde Essay How do you think that Stevenson wishes us to judge Dr Jekylls experiments concerning Mr Hyde? I think that Stevenson wants the reader to feel that Jekyll gets what he deserves for releasing Hyde. Although I think that this is his overall intention, he gives Jekylls own justification for it, which dampens the blame from him slightly. However, the justification, when looked at more deeply, conveys another message from Stevenson, that Jekyll knows what he is doing and therefore commits a crime in releasing Hyde. Stevenson shows his feelings about Hyde and about Jekylls guilt by lavishing Hyde with horrible descriptions. These fall into four main categories, the darkness, the evil, the animal, and peoples reaction to Hyde. Firstly, whenever Hyde appears, it is always night or twilight showing that there is something dark and mysterious about him. Hydes eyes have a blackness in them which terrifies people. There are several references to fire and hell, suggesting that Hyde is a daemon, that has been released from hell. He is actually called, the child of hell meaning he is pure evil. Also, the fires can be interpreted as trying to ward off evil spirits, such as Hyde. Hydes soul is described as foul, and his character callous and violent. He is described as having Satans signature upon him, as if he has been made by the devil and sent up from hell. Hyde is also frequently compared to an animal. When people talk to Hyde he is savage like a wild animal and has a habit of hissing like a serpent. He is often replaced with it, suggesting that Hyde is an animal. Several times Hyde is actually referred to as the creature and his fury being ape-like. There is something primitive about him, something troglodytic. In even greater amounts, perhaps, are the reactions that people have when they come face to face with Hyde, and even from a distance. Every single person that has met him feels loathing and fear, and in some cases, a desire to kill, most people feel a simple hatred of him, yet none of them know why. The extent of this feeling is described as hitherto unknown disgust- absolutely appalling revulsion to him. There is something about Hyde that is not visible, that makes people react like this, described as the radiance of a foul soul. Many people search for a deformity in Hyde that is making them feel this way but fail to find it. Hyde has this aura of repulsion around him that makes any decent person draw back from him. When he touches Lanyons arm. Lanyon feels an icy pang that goes up his spine. Obviously, this is the height of Hydes effect, that when you touch him you shiver with discomfort. Perhaps the most startling aspect of Hyde is that when Jekyll showed Lanyon that he is, in fact, Hyde, Lanyon is so sickened by the thought of it that he becomes ill and dies in a few weeks. This shows absolutely that Jekyll does a terrible thing in unleashing Hyde, and actually telling somebody caused them to die, and Lanyon is one of Jekylls closest friends. These images are put into the story frequently, and the effect of this is to make the reader feel that Jekyll has released a being so foul that he deserves whatever punishment he got. And still Stevenson piles it on. He goes into horrific detail about Hyde brutally murdering Sir Danvers Carew, this is clear evidence that he wishes us to feel that Jekyll is to blame for his own experiments. Stevensons description of the murder is really over the top, it starts off with Hyde having an ill-contained impatience. Sir Danvers Carew is merely inquiring his way to Hyde when he broke out with a great flame of anger. Sir Danvers Carew is surprised by Hydes reaction and took a step back. At that moment though, Hyde snapped, he broke all bounds and starts trampling on him. With his stick he is hailing down a storm of blows, and Sir Danvers Carews bones are audibly shattered. Hyde then runs away, leaving the body incredibly mangled in the middle of the road. Hyde makes no attempt to conceal it, and the horrific details of the murder can only mean the Stevenson wishes us to judge Jekyll as responsible for such a crime. Even there Stevenson does not stop putting on more and more emphasis on the utterly diabolical nature of Hyde. In Dr Jekylls full statement of the case, he states that Hyde gets delight from every blow and runs away, gloating over his crime. Jekyll uses the word I, which is another of Stevensons ways of showing that he wishes us to think that Jekyll is directly responsible. In Jekylls justification of his actions, he mentions that he enjoyed the freedom that Hyde gave him. He fulfilled his pleasures (which are unspecified), and soon the pleasures turned from undignified to monstrous. When Jekyll remembered what he had done whilst in Hydes body he is aghast at himself. He refers to Hyde as me therefore showing that he is responsible because he did it. Jekyll became careless, and thought that nobody would trace him under his impenetrable mantle. Jekyll also tries to cover up Hydes activities by giving to charities and balancing it out. These two statements suggest that Jekyll knew that he is responsible because he is thinking about the possibility of him being caught. Jekyll also felt pity for Hyde, suggesting that he is not at all innocent. Jekyll pays for his crimes heavily though, and this is one of the very few times in the story when Stevenson releases Jekyll from the blame. Jekyll is put to considerable expense to pay for Hydes actions. When he tramples over the girl, he is forced to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 to her parents. Not to mention the fact that he loses one of his closest friends by telling him and ends up committing suicide to pay for it. But I think that Stevenson wishes us to view even these with severity; firstly, Jekyll taunts Lanyon by bribing him with, power and knowledge, in such a way that Lanyon cannot have refused to know what Hydes secret is. On telling Lanyon, Lanyon dies. Jekyll wants to tell him about his experiments, he wanted to show off, and he insults Lanyon by referring to himself as his superior. Jekyll obviously enjoys being Hyde, because he suffers a horrible pain when he transforms into him, and would not bother to do it if he wanted to. Sometimes, Jekyll has to triple the dosage in order to transform, something that he wouldnt do unless he is willing to risk his life to transform. In conclusion, I think that judging from the amount of description that has been put into the Hyde, and the number of references to his joy at being evil, that it is fair to say that Stevenson wishes us to feel that Jekyll is to blame for his experiments and that he pays the price for it with his death.

Willy Russell’s Intention by the End of the Play :: Educating Rita Plays Willy Russell Essays

Willy Russell’s Intention by the End of the Play ‘Blood Brothers’ The stage production of ‘Blood Brothers’ helps to emphasise the social difference between Mickey and Edward. There are two main sets used, one for Mrs. Johnstone’s house and street and one which is the inside of Mrs. Lyons house. Mrs. Johnstone’s house is a poorer set; there are smashed windows and graffiti written on the walls. The houses are small close together terrace houses built out of red brick. There is lack of colour in this set Willy Russell is trying to show the gloominess, coldness and poverty of their area with this set. Whereas, Mrs. Lyons house is colourful and bright. There is a bookshelf which shows that they are privileged enough to have books and that this family is refined and educated. There is a carpet that is rolled out every time that the Lyons house is on stage. This shows comfort, softness and warmth as does the fireplace in the Lyons house. This is a contrast between the Johnstons house where they have broken windows which shows coolness and discomfort. This shows the difference between two classes in a Thatcherite Britain at the time to the audience. At the Johnstone’s house the lighting is always dim, not well lit, to show the gloominess and poverty in their lives. However the lighting in the Lyon’s house is always very bright. This is to show to the audience that the life of the Lyons is brighter than the Johnstones. In parts of the play (especially I found when the narrator was speaking) the lighting was red and black I think Willy Russell’s intention here is to show that there is death in the play and symbolises the bloodshed. Sometimes one person would have the spotlight on just them so the background is black. This picks out this one person so all our attention is focused on this person and the darkness in the background is very gloomy like a dark hole to symbolise the emptiness that will be in some of their lives because of the deaths at the end. There is a musical theme to suggest the same idea or place theme. Like the music that is played at the Johnstones house. When this song comes on it is to show the poverty of the Johnstons. The song that I remember the most is the game when Mickey, Sammy and their friends are all children and they are shooting each other. The words of the song are very childish and it’s just a game. However when they become older this game becomes reality and a lot more serious and it’s not so

Public Sphere

â€Å"The idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy. † To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single member contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writer’s views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990). The different academics will introduce and discuss; an ideal and flawed public sphere, a democratic public sphere, and the important roles of audiences and participants. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings consequently deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois public sphere theory. Overall, the key argument in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an arena for equal opinions, however pragmatically this is not the case and it is difficult to achieve it because of the different factors that exist between individuals and participants. Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as; â€Å"a realm in which opinions are exchanged between private persons unconstrained (ideally) by external pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official power, and from the economic structures of civil society as a whole. Its function is actually to mediate between society and state; it is the arena in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis [face to face with] the government†. Similarly, a majority of modern conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an informed democratic procedure (Meikle 2008). Thus, a relevant example would be; supplying different resources of media to developing countries in preparation for an election or some sort political decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed democratic process, allowing them access to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in events such as elections as it is an arena where private people come together as a public; as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when comparing the old and contemporary. Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of periodical press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the ‘coffee-house culture’ and how at the time people would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must also be noted that Habermas’ accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it clear that the public sphere is not given to every type of society, and it does not own a fixed status. Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also likens the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the ‘idyllic’ public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ‘ideally’ in brackets, because realistically it is unachievable to have this sort of ‘perfect’ public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas’ bourgeois public sphere, questioning if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again? On that note, Hackett (2010) brings forth the notions that this concept of Habermas’ public sphere that presumes rationality, equality is false, and consequently, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that; â€Å"it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the ‘counter’ and minority public spheres of subordinate groups, the intrusion of social and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the conversion of public opinion into effective state policy through representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas’ theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class people did not have the resources and women did not have the same rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. Moreover some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources. Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states â€Å"subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right voice or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard [and] are silenced, encouraged to keep their wants inchoate, and heard to say ‘yes’ when what they have said is ‘no. ’† (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality. Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of ‘voice’ the speaker possesses in society. All of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speaker’s status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreover, public spheres are relevant in today’s new social media’s like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They create an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting interaction occur with all its participants. This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an integral aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part; today’s â€Å"newspapers and magazines, [internet,] radio and television are the media of the public sphere† (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the mass media is only a public sphere on the exterior; only in ‘appearance’ and nothing else. Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest that it can be look at in a positive sense; regarding it as a useful standard against which we can measure how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas’ ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a blur between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion. As well as regarding media as just pure entertainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media instead of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the â€Å"distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information [such as] newspapers, magazines and†¦ Television stations† (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away from being an ‘ideal public sphere’. He looks at how â€Å"public opinion is no longer produced by the public, instead, public opinion is now something produced for the public† (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no opportunity to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term ‘equals’ in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008), in accordance to Fraser’s (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each person’s contribution to be of equal amount. This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as; power and status; celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources; developed and developing countries, and gender; the imbalance of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances like these. Turnbull discusses the media’s audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is â€Å"embedded in their access to and use of various media technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The â€Å"participation [of audiences] in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be largely conditional† (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an ‘equal’ contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their mutual interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one sole public sphere because there is not a single medium that is ‘perfect’ (pp. 357-358). Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective; it helps to emphasize the essential and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media; providing them resources of news, information and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to identify themselves towards this common interest. However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the nature and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and heterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, partisan politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem inaccessible and unachievable. Also, another issue is the â€Å"contemporary media systems – characterised by unprecedented consolidation of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even smaller ‘niche markets’ on the other – makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic† (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another. However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all affect any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere. Public Sphere â€Å"The idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy. † To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single member contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writer’s views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990). The different academics will introduce and discuss; an ideal and flawed public sphere, a democratic public sphere, and the important roles of audiences and participants. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings consequently deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois public sphere theory. Overall, the key argument in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an arena for equal opinions, however pragmatically this is not the case and it is difficult to achieve it because of the different factors that exist between individuals and participants. Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as; â€Å"a realm in which opinions are exchanged between private persons unconstrained (ideally) by external pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official power, and from the economic structures of civil society as a whole. Its function is actually to mediate between society and state; it is the arena in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis [face to face with] the government†. Similarly, a majority of modern conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an informed democratic procedure (Meikle 2008). Thus, a relevant example would be; supplying different resources of media to developing countries in preparation for an election or some sort political decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed democratic process, allowing them access to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in events such as elections as it is an arena where private people come together as a public; as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when comparing the old and contemporary. Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of periodical press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the ‘coffee-house culture’ and how at the time people would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must also be noted that Habermas’ accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it clear that the public sphere is not given to every type of society, and it does not own a fixed status. Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also likens the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the ‘idyllic’ public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ‘ideally’ in brackets, because realistically it is unachievable to have this sort of ‘perfect’ public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas’ bourgeois public sphere, questioning if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again? On that note, Hackett (2010) brings forth the notions that this concept of Habermas’ public sphere that presumes rationality, equality is false, and consequently, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that; â€Å"it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the ‘counter’ and minority public spheres of subordinate groups, the intrusion of social and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the conversion of public opinion into effective state policy through representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas’ theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class people did not have the resources and women did not have the same rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. Moreover some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources. Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states â€Å"subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right voice or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard [and] are silenced, encouraged to keep their wants inchoate, and heard to say ‘yes’ when what they have said is ‘no. ’† (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality. Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of ‘voice’ the speaker possesses in society. All of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speaker’s status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreover, public spheres are relevant in today’s new social media’s like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They create an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting interaction occur with all its participants. This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an integral aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part; today’s â€Å"newspapers and magazines, [internet,] radio and television are the media of the public sphere† (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the mass media is only a public sphere on the exterior; only in ‘appearance’ and nothing else. Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest that it can be look at in a positive sense; regarding it as a useful standard against which we can measure how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas’ ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a blur between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion. As well as regarding media as just pure entertainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media instead of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the â€Å"distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information [such as] newspapers, magazines and†¦ Television stations† (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away from being an ‘ideal public sphere’. He looks at how â€Å"public opinion is no longer produced by the public, instead, public opinion is now something produced for the public† (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no opportunity to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term ‘equals’ in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008), in accordance to Fraser’s (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each person’s contribution to be of equal amount. This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as; power and status; celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources; developed and developing countries, and gender; the imbalance of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances like these. Turnbull discusses the media’s audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is â€Å"embedded in their access to and use of various media technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The â€Å"participation [of audiences] in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be largely conditional† (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an ‘equal’ contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their mutual interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one sole public sphere because there is not a single medium that is ‘perfect’ (pp. 357-358). Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective; it helps to emphasize the essential and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media; providing them resources of news, information and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to identify themselves towards this common interest. However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the nature and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and heterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, partisan politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem inaccessible and unachievable. Also, another issue is the â€Å"contemporary media systems – characterised by unprecedented consolidation of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even smaller ‘niche markets’ on the other – makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic† (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another. However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all affect any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere.

The Analytical Foundation Of Agenda Setting Essay

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