Willy Russell’s Intention by the End of the Play :: Educating Rita Plays Willy Russell Essays

Willy Russell’s Intention by the End of the Play ‘Blood Brothers’ The stage production of ‘Blood Brothers’ helps to emphasise the social difference between Mickey and Edward. There are two main sets used, one for Mrs. Johnstone’s house and street and one which is the inside of Mrs. Lyons house. Mrs. Johnstone’s house is a poorer set; there are smashed windows and graffiti written on the walls. The houses are small close together terrace houses built out of red brick. There is lack of colour in this set Willy Russell is trying to show the gloominess, coldness and poverty of their area with this set. Whereas, Mrs. Lyons house is colourful and bright. There is a bookshelf which shows that they are privileged enough to have books and that this family is refined and educated. There is a carpet that is rolled out every time that the Lyons house is on stage. This shows comfort, softness and warmth as does the fireplace in the Lyons house. This is a contrast between the Johnstons house where they have broken windows which shows coolness and discomfort. This shows the difference between two classes in a Thatcherite Britain at the time to the audience. At the Johnstone’s house the lighting is always dim, not well lit, to show the gloominess and poverty in their lives. However the lighting in the Lyon’s house is always very bright. This is to show to the audience that the life of the Lyons is brighter than the Johnstones. In parts of the play (especially I found when the narrator was speaking) the lighting was red and black I think Willy Russell’s intention here is to show that there is death in the play and symbolises the bloodshed. Sometimes one person would have the spotlight on just them so the background is black. This picks out this one person so all our attention is focused on this person and the darkness in the background is very gloomy like a dark hole to symbolise the emptiness that will be in some of their lives because of the deaths at the end. There is a musical theme to suggest the same idea or place theme. Like the music that is played at the Johnstones house. When this song comes on it is to show the poverty of the Johnstons. The song that I remember the most is the game when Mickey, Sammy and their friends are all children and they are shooting each other. The words of the song are very childish and it’s just a game. However when they become older this game becomes reality and a lot more serious and it’s not so

Public Sphere

â€Å"The idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy. † To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single member contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writer’s views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990). The different academics will introduce and discuss; an ideal and flawed public sphere, a democratic public sphere, and the important roles of audiences and participants. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings consequently deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois public sphere theory. Overall, the key argument in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an arena for equal opinions, however pragmatically this is not the case and it is difficult to achieve it because of the different factors that exist between individuals and participants. Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as; â€Å"a realm in which opinions are exchanged between private persons unconstrained (ideally) by external pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official power, and from the economic structures of civil society as a whole. Its function is actually to mediate between society and state; it is the arena in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis [face to face with] the government†. Similarly, a majority of modern conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an informed democratic procedure (Meikle 2008). Thus, a relevant example would be; supplying different resources of media to developing countries in preparation for an election or some sort political decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed democratic process, allowing them access to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in events such as elections as it is an arena where private people come together as a public; as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when comparing the old and contemporary. Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of periodical press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the ‘coffee-house culture’ and how at the time people would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must also be noted that Habermas’ accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it clear that the public sphere is not given to every type of society, and it does not own a fixed status. Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also likens the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the ‘idyllic’ public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ‘ideally’ in brackets, because realistically it is unachievable to have this sort of ‘perfect’ public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas’ bourgeois public sphere, questioning if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again? On that note, Hackett (2010) brings forth the notions that this concept of Habermas’ public sphere that presumes rationality, equality is false, and consequently, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that; â€Å"it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the ‘counter’ and minority public spheres of subordinate groups, the intrusion of social and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the conversion of public opinion into effective state policy through representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas’ theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class people did not have the resources and women did not have the same rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. Moreover some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources. Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states â€Å"subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right voice or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard [and] are silenced, encouraged to keep their wants inchoate, and heard to say ‘yes’ when what they have said is ‘no. ’† (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality. Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of ‘voice’ the speaker possesses in society. All of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speaker’s status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreover, public spheres are relevant in today’s new social media’s like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They create an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting interaction occur with all its participants. This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an integral aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part; today’s â€Å"newspapers and magazines, [internet,] radio and television are the media of the public sphere† (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the mass media is only a public sphere on the exterior; only in ‘appearance’ and nothing else. Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest that it can be look at in a positive sense; regarding it as a useful standard against which we can measure how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas’ ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a blur between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion. As well as regarding media as just pure entertainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media instead of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the â€Å"distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information [such as] newspapers, magazines and†¦ Television stations† (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away from being an ‘ideal public sphere’. He looks at how â€Å"public opinion is no longer produced by the public, instead, public opinion is now something produced for the public† (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no opportunity to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term ‘equals’ in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008), in accordance to Fraser’s (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each person’s contribution to be of equal amount. This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as; power and status; celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources; developed and developing countries, and gender; the imbalance of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances like these. Turnbull discusses the media’s audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is â€Å"embedded in their access to and use of various media technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The â€Å"participation [of audiences] in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be largely conditional† (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an ‘equal’ contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their mutual interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one sole public sphere because there is not a single medium that is ‘perfect’ (pp. 357-358). Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective; it helps to emphasize the essential and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media; providing them resources of news, information and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to identify themselves towards this common interest. However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the nature and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and heterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, partisan politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem inaccessible and unachievable. Also, another issue is the â€Å"contemporary media systems – characterised by unprecedented consolidation of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even smaller ‘niche markets’ on the other – makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic† (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another. However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all affect any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere. Public Sphere â€Å"The idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy. † To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single member contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writer’s views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990). The different academics will introduce and discuss; an ideal and flawed public sphere, a democratic public sphere, and the important roles of audiences and participants. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings consequently deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois public sphere theory. Overall, the key argument in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an arena for equal opinions, however pragmatically this is not the case and it is difficult to achieve it because of the different factors that exist between individuals and participants. Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as; â€Å"a realm in which opinions are exchanged between private persons unconstrained (ideally) by external pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official power, and from the economic structures of civil society as a whole. Its function is actually to mediate between society and state; it is the arena in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis [face to face with] the government†. Similarly, a majority of modern conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an informed democratic procedure (Meikle 2008). Thus, a relevant example would be; supplying different resources of media to developing countries in preparation for an election or some sort political decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed democratic process, allowing them access to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in events such as elections as it is an arena where private people come together as a public; as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when comparing the old and contemporary. Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of periodical press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the ‘coffee-house culture’ and how at the time people would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must also be noted that Habermas’ accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it clear that the public sphere is not given to every type of society, and it does not own a fixed status. Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also likens the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the ‘idyllic’ public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ‘ideally’ in brackets, because realistically it is unachievable to have this sort of ‘perfect’ public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas’ bourgeois public sphere, questioning if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again? On that note, Hackett (2010) brings forth the notions that this concept of Habermas’ public sphere that presumes rationality, equality is false, and consequently, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that; â€Å"it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the ‘counter’ and minority public spheres of subordinate groups, the intrusion of social and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the conversion of public opinion into effective state policy through representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas’ theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class people did not have the resources and women did not have the same rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. Moreover some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources. Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states â€Å"subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right voice or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard [and] are silenced, encouraged to keep their wants inchoate, and heard to say ‘yes’ when what they have said is ‘no. ’† (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality. Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of ‘voice’ the speaker possesses in society. All of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speaker’s status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreover, public spheres are relevant in today’s new social media’s like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They create an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting interaction occur with all its participants. This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an integral aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part; today’s â€Å"newspapers and magazines, [internet,] radio and television are the media of the public sphere† (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the mass media is only a public sphere on the exterior; only in ‘appearance’ and nothing else. Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest that it can be look at in a positive sense; regarding it as a useful standard against which we can measure how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas’ ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a blur between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion. As well as regarding media as just pure entertainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media instead of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the â€Å"distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information [such as] newspapers, magazines and†¦ Television stations† (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away from being an ‘ideal public sphere’. He looks at how â€Å"public opinion is no longer produced by the public, instead, public opinion is now something produced for the public† (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no opportunity to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term ‘equals’ in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008), in accordance to Fraser’s (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each person’s contribution to be of equal amount. This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as; power and status; celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources; developed and developing countries, and gender; the imbalance of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances like these. Turnbull discusses the media’s audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is â€Å"embedded in their access to and use of various media technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The â€Å"participation [of audiences] in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be largely conditional† (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an ‘equal’ contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their mutual interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one sole public sphere because there is not a single medium that is ‘perfect’ (pp. 357-358). Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective; it helps to emphasize the essential and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media; providing them resources of news, information and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to identify themselves towards this common interest. However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the nature and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and heterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, partisan politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem inaccessible and unachievable. Also, another issue is the â€Å"contemporary media systems – characterised by unprecedented consolidation of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even smaller ‘niche markets’ on the other – makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic† (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another. However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all affect any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere.

The Analytical Foundation Of Agenda Setting Essay

Introduction: Agenda setting is the most critical phase of the policy cycle and has a decisive impact on the entire subsequent policy and its outcomes (Howlett, Ramesh Perl (2009). Agenda setting, Birkland suggests (1997, p.11), is â€Å"the result of a society acting through political and social institutions to define the meanings of problems and the range of acceptable solutions†. In another words, Agenda-setting as a term was introduced by Cobb and Elder (1971) who â€Å"are concerned with how issues are created and why some controversies or incipient issues come to command the attention and concern of decision makers, while others fail† (p. 905). The analytical foundation of agenda-setting can be traced back to psychological theories of priming in work on intellectual transforming of semantic information (Collins Loftus, 1975; Tulving Watkins, 1975). Although policy making is very much a domestic concern involving national governments and their citizens, the international organizations (known as network actors) also are increasingly vital in shaping domestic or national policy choices and policy developments. Network actors help build norms by bringing new ideas/opinions and issues in the policy debates and serving as sources of information and testimony. They help build up issues, set agendas and provide information to create awareness of a problem (Yvonne). This is often done in such a way that it becomes more salient by stressing specific values, facts, and otherShow MoreRelatedThe Analytical Foundation Of Agenda Setting1757 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Agenda setting is the most critical phase of the policy cycle and has a decisive impact on the entire subsequent policy and its outcomes. Agenda setting, Birkland suggests (1997, p.11), is â€Å"the result of a society acting through political and social institutions to define the meanings of problems and the range of acceptable solutions†. In other words, agenda-setting as a term was introduced by Cobb and Elder (1971) who â€Å"are concerned with how issues are created and why some controversiesRead MoreThe Lack Of Knowledge That Researchers Know About Public Policy Implementation769 Words   |  4 Pagesof research. Also, it attempts to alter the deficiencies by performing results from comprehensive literacy review. It main object is to: 1) challenge; 2) revise; 3) and add some conventional wisdom about implementation. In addition, provide a foundation for and start a much-needed mixture of experimental data research result. 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The information provided has been obtained through various sources of conflicting views, further illustrating the complexity of the topic. Many school settings are considered discourse communities, fitting each of the six characteristics. The six defining characteristics of a discourse community require a set of common goals, there must also be mechanisms of communication within the community as wellRead MoreThe Lack Of Knowledge That Researchers Know About Public Policy Implementation1444 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch. Also, it attempts to alter the deficiencies by performing results from a comprehensive literacy review. Its main object was to: 1) challenge; 2) revises; 3) and add some conventional wisdom about implementation. In addition, provide a foundation for and start a much-needed mixture of experimental data research result. 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(RiefRead MoreMelnyk et al.2014 Essay6112 Words   |  25 Pagestechnology decisions that are used to implement the supply chain. Supply chain design needs to comprehend these three levels of analysis. The articles in this special issue are introduced in the context of these levels of analysis and a research agenda is suggested that can be pursued in light of this framework, highlighting areas that are covered in this special issue and areas where research opportunities exist. Keywords: supply chain design; supply chain architecture; integration; life cycleRead MoreRethinking Project Management9242 Words   |  37 Pagesreserved. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.08.006 676 S. Cicmil et al. / International Journal of Project Management 24 (2006) 675–686 competing with) other strands of the project management research and they, together, enhance the intellectual foundations of the ï ¬ eld in terms of its practical relevance and theoretical diversity. 2. Understanding project actuality At this point, we draw the reader’s attention to the paper in this issue by Winter et al. [1] which summarises and discusses the principle

V. Statement Of The Bench Mark And Marketing Goal - 847 Words

V. Statement of the Bench Mark and Marketing Goal The Alumni Relations department is reaching out to alumni, however the interesting data about the events they host tend to have a surprising ethnicity turnout. After some analysis the Alumni department host events that draw the attention of certain alumni. However, events hosted seem to attract the Caucasian demographic which account for 70%, the least at each event. In terms of benchmarking, the Alumni Relations department refers to the term called affinity groups. These are groups of people that have the same interest. However, while analyzing the African American demographic the events hosted by the Alumni Relations department seem to have low turnout for the African American crowd. Though the graduation rate for the African American demographic is approximately 60%, the turn out for events that the Black Alumni Chapter host are fairly decent, however events are not consistent for them. Reason being is the Black Alumni Chapter tends to host national historical African American events like Martin Luther King brunch, and anything African American related. If the Alumni Relations department is able to attract 65% of the African American demographic to more non historical events. This will create more attendance for general events hosted by them, but also help the awareness of the Black Alumni Chapter as well. VI. Your solution to achieve goal in V In order for the Alumni Relations department to reach the 65% goal forShow MoreRelatedPenshoppe Marketing Plan5907 Words   |  24 Pagesperformance of the company in 2011 seemed lower a bit than the performance in 2010 approximately twenty-three percent. 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John Fitzgerald Kennedy in Office Essay - 887 Words

â€Å"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.† This is a quote that President John Fitzgerald Kennedy used during his terms of presidency before he was assassinated in 1964. For many, his assassination remains one of the most traumatic events in their memory and even history. Although, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was much more than a president that got assassinated while in office. While still attending college at Harvard University, Kennedy volunteered for hazardous combat duty in the Pacific during World War II. His time spent volunteering made him a war hero. Coming from a long family line of political history, Kennedy began working in the House of Representatives for six years from†¦show more content†¦Many believed this to be the end of it until years later when the truth came out that Kennedy made a hidden arrangement with the Soviet leader giving him exactly what he needed. Kennedy claims he did what was necessary and made a deal he knew he couldn’t sell to his fellow Americans. Another success of John F. Kennedy’s presidency was that he planned to put man on the moon before the end of the 1960’s. In 1969, the plan came to life when Neil Armstrong’s boot hit the lunar dirt on July 20th. This was a huge achievement for humanity and a prideful boost in our technologies especially after the many space race defeats to the Soviet Union. Lastly, Kennedy emphasized public service, established the Peace Corps, and gave his civil rights address saying that black Americans deserved equal treatment under the law. Over 210,000 Peace Corps volunteers have served in 139 countries since Kennedy gave his speech about his vision for the program. Like all presidents before and after, Kennedy also had failures. One of his biggest was the Bay of Pigs. Although during the Eisenhower administration, Kennedy was still briefed by the CIA before his inauguration, on the plan to t rain Cuban exiles for an invasion on their homeland. The main goal was to overthrow Castro and his establishment of a non-communist government that would be pleasant with the U.S. The original plan was to have two secret air strikes to launch a surprise attack. AndShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesof America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy remains the youngest man ever elected to the office of Chief Executive, and the youngest man to die while still fulfilling his duties. Serving as Americas President, John F. Kennedy held his office for 1000 days, dying November 22nd, 1963, assassinated at the age of 46. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second son of nine children of the wealthy Roman Catholic Kennedy family. 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Thesis Statement: President Kennedy proved to be oneRead MoreJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesJFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Jack) was born in Brooklyn Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, to Joseph Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald, who were the children of Patrick Kennedy and John Fitzgerald (Honey Fitz), whose parents both emigrated from Ireland in 1858. Honey Fitz was governor of Boston and served on the House of Representatives. Both men were influential in politics. Joseph and Rose Kennedy had nine children: Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert

College Essay C free essay sample

The definition of a goal is the result or achievement toward which effort is directed. From the time we start kindergarten most of us already have been asked the question, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† Throughout our whole life we spend so much time dreaming about who we want to become; but do we take enough action into reaching these dreams of ours? From an early age, I have easily been drawn towards people and comfortable in new social settings. As I grew older I started realizing how interested I was in Communication and decided I would like to pursue a career in this degree. There are many avenues I would like to explore in this field such as Public Relations, Television Broadcasting, and Personal Recruiter. Each of these require a natural comfort level with people and the ability to easily adapt to a variety of social environments. We will write a custom essay sample on College Essay C or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout my high school years I have participated in several academic and extra curricular activities that have helped expose me to different variations of communication. By participating three years on a varsity cheerleading squad I have gained a tremendous amount of change and social skills. Cheerleading has taught me not only how to be a leader, but how to communicate and work with diverse groups of people. The reason I think cheerleading will help me in my future career path is because working in the area of Communication requires many of the same attributes. I believe that spending my high school in this leadership role has benefited me in all aspects. I have been very fortunate to experience incredible opportunities outside my school, such as acting classes and third world mission trips, both of which have stretched my comfort zone and have improved my social skills. Acting classes taught me the basis of Communication and the different job offers you can get by majoring in this study. We learned how to do interviews and monologues in front of different types of crowds, which increased my public speaking ability. Being able to experience multiple out of the country mission trips in high school has taught me how to interact with people who have different beliefs than myself. A lifetime goal of mine is to travel the world and speak to many different people. Having this opportunity as a teenager has given me an abundant amount of experience that I can use in my adulthood. To be a television broadcaster, recruiter, or publicity manager will take a skill of leadership. Academically speaking, I have been involved with a Leadership Club and Speech class in my school that have both increased my knowledge on these majors. Knowing more information on jobs has helped me determine what avenue I am mainly interested. No matter what age I get to, I will always strive to be better and to achieve more. Developing these after college plans has really has helped me prepare for my future and learn the things I must do to reach the goals I desire.

The Morality Of Cloning Essay Example For Students

The Morality Of Cloning Essay Morality of cloningToday, the topic of cloning generates more argument then it has ever created before. The controversy over cloning is based, in part, on the fact that there are extreme opposing viewpoints on the subject. Also a major factor in the debate over cloning is a fear of new technology. Throughout history, man has always been slow to adapt to a new technology, or a new way of doing things. People go through all the trouble to adapt to one method, why uproot ourselves and change everything just to do it a different way. This attitude has been evident in the recent past, with inventions such as the automobile and the television. Nuclear power is a prime example of an advanced technology essentially abandoned out of fear. There are very few nuclear power plants left in operation, and there are no new plants being built. This is mainly due to fear of an accident, or to the long lasting effects of this technology. As with everything, including cloning, there is a negative side. With television, the negative is that children often watch it instead of doing homework, subsequently causing lower grades. It is also believed that television violence influences children into more violent tendencies. A negative to automobiles is the massive pollution a large number of them cause. Entire cities have been put on pollution alert due to toxic smog created, in part, by the automobile. Nuclear poweras major downfall is, aside from the immense destruction caused by an accident, the long-lasting effects of the spent nuclear fuel. Sometimes the negatives outweigh the positives, and the technology is rightfully abandoned, but in mostly this is not the case . First off, cloning is not just the photocopying of a living breathing human being. It takes a great deal of time and effort to clone a living being (Petit 2001). Also, the clone would not have the memories and experiences that the original has. That technology does not yet exist. There are many things that can be clone d; single cells, plants, organs, animals, and eventually entire human beings. The technology to clone a human exists, but we have not moved into that area of cloning yet. This is due mainly to the fact that some people believe cloning violates their morals. Another extremely useful application of the cloning technology would be the acloning of organs or tissues for the bodya (Maniatis 1982). With this, we could not only cure our suffering and dying, but we could prolong our life-span by decades. It wouldnat be uncommon for people to live to one hundred and fifty years old, or older. If a kidney fails in old age, take the few good cells left and clone a brand new kidney. If someone suffers a massive heart attack, clone a new heart. After more development of cloning, athere is even the possibility to repair brain and spinal column damagea (Kass 1998). These life-prolonging procedures wouldnat be reserved for the rich and famous, they could be used on everyone. Take, for example, a man who has drank all of his life. He is now in his 40as and has severe liver cirrhosis. Without a liver transplant, he will die. And even if he gets a liver transplant, there is no guarantee that it will save him; his body could reject it. If the man gets a liver, and if it doesnat get rejected, he then has to live out the remainder of his life on rejection medicine, and even a simple cold could kill him. Now if cloning was a common practice, the doctors would simply take a few healthy liver cells and clone a brand-new liver for the man. Since the liver is a clone of the original, the liver cells have exactly the same DNA and there is no chance for rejection. So he is guaranteed a liver that will not be rejected, and he wonat have to spend his life on rejection drugs. Now there is the subject of cloning an entire human being. It is this side of cloning that generates the most controversy of all. People believe that it is not ethical to clone a human being. aThese beliefs are based on the premise that God created humans in his image, and their soul is given to them by Goda (Chapman 1999). Therefore, it is not our place to be aplaying Goda (Gushee 2001). In their view, we would be playing God, and this should not happen. But science does not recognize that a god created the universe, science believes that the universe created itself out of a abig banga. From this point of view, God did not create man, and there is no moral boundary to cloning a human being. However, the benefits of cloning a living human being are questionable. The question asked is, awhy clone a humana (Arnst 2001)? The advocates of human cloning would say that they want to aweed outa genetic faults in people (Berg 1992). This is a viable answer, since we want as few problems as we can have. Also, a great number of people want an image of them to live on forever. A clone would best serve this purpose, since it will look completely identical to the original. There are people that believe that clon ing will cure the problem caused by infertile couples. Cloning would allow someoneas image to live on, and they would have a son or daughter to live with. Now, with the positives and gains by cloning and genetic engineering established, there are of course the few negatives that always slow a technologys progress. The first such potential negative is that asome unscrupulous person might acquire the genes of a monsteraa, Hitler, Napoleon, Stalin, or Saddam Hussein for example (Kass 1998). However this is extremely unlikely for a number of reasons. First, the amount of DNA that is recovered would be unable to be decoded. If this small amount of DNA was able to be recovered, chances are it would be heavily damaged or deteriorated, so a clone of this person might not be at all like the original. If, by some far stretch, the DNA was able to be recovered, and was in good enough condition to clone that person, the clone would not turn out like the original. The genetics of a person plays o nly a small role in the development of that person. Memories, experiences, parents, upbringing, and environment all play a key role in the development of a human being. If Hitler was a monster in the 40as, chances are that his clone in a whole new millenium wonat be. The way that he was brought up plays more of a role on his actions and attitudes than his genetics does. Moral implications exist on both sides of the issue. Would it be fair to clone a historical monster such as Hitler? Even though the clone didnat kill millions of Jews, his original did, so a great number of people would discriminate against him. He could be attacked for crimes he never committed, he might be ridiculed for reasons he does not know. The mental torment of such a childhood would destroy him. Would it be moral to do this to a human? The answer is no. The cloning of a normal person, one who does not stand out, would be perfectly acceptable, since there is no reason for that person to be acted against unfai rly. Through all of this proof, we now have the information to say that cloning must not be banned. The potential that this technology has is unparalleled. This single technological break-through may be responsible for saving millions of lives in the future. Even if entire human cloning is banned, one can not deny the endless possibilities of cloning organs or body tissue or even muscle. People must find a way to adapt to this technology and not be afraid of it but instead embrace it knowing that it will do more good for humanity than bad. .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .postImageUrl , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:hover , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:visited , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:active { border:0!important; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:active , .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7 .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1ff0542954fd2d4466979b432414bf7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Keats La Belle Dame Sans Merci Analysis Essay We will write a custom essay on The Morality Of Cloning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Works CitedArnst, Catherine. http://ehostvgw2.epnet.com/ehost.asp. Human Cloning: Not When, But Why 68.1 (1 Feb. 01). Online. Berg Paul. Dealing With Genes: the Language of Heredity. Mill Valley, Ca.: University Science Books: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992. Chapman, Audrey R. Unpredicted Choices: Religious Ethics At the Frontiers of Genetic Science. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999. Gushee, David P. ;http://ehostvgw2.epnet.com/ehost.asp.; Christianity Today 45.12 (1 Oct. 01). Online. Kass, Leon. The Ethics of Human Cloning. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1998. Maniatis, Tom. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982. Petit, Charles W. ;http://ehostvgw2.epnet.com/ehost.asp.; U.S. News ; World Report 13.131 (15 Oct. 01). Online.